A Supposedly Fun Thing ill Never Do Again

A Supposedly Fun Thing ill Never Do Again 39†² NarIna-Karapetyan For most people even the idea Of being able to relax and finally go on a vacation is exciting but for David Wallace being pampered seems unpleasant and he feels uncomfortable getting too comfortable. He receives ‘Stress from pampering† and a â€Å"weird kind Of pampering-paranoia†. Throughout the Whole essay Wallace iS very critical and judgmental not only Of the cruise, but Of its staff, and passengers as well. TO express himself in his writing, he uses a lot Of repetition and metaphors to get his point across to the readers. ile this descriptive essay is humorous and an easy read due to the language, it is also very detailed and a little too verbose for my liking. on one side this creates Imagery and makes the readers feel like they are on the cruise with David, but its this same thing Tat also makes It exhausting to read. There is a lot going and most of the time the extensive details of littl e things like the deck chairs or the Inside of his bathroom are trivial to his overall experience. What seems like his pointless rambling, makes the reader doze off and become disinterested. And just in case we didnt know nough already.Wallace includes lengthy footnotes that elaborate even further. Wallace never actually states that he isnt enjoying the cruise. but through his language we can make this implication. have seen a lot of really big white ships†¦.. l have seen camcorders that practically required a dolly†¦ l have seen a toupee on a thirteen year old boy. † (257). He goes on like this for almost a whole page, describing what would seem like interesting experiences but by saying â€Å"Is this enough? ‘ he shows us that he is annoyed with everything he has encountered,He compares the hip to many things. ut one that found to be most shocking is his comparison to the holocaust, â€Å"†¦ its unwitting echo of the Auschwitz-embarkation scene in Schi ndler's In spite of all this, he is still able to see the natural beauty of his surroundings compared to the artificial beauty of the cruise ship. One Of the themes in this essay iS being an Outsider, in many David Wallace doesn't belong on this cruise ship and iS on the outside looking in. He iS one Of two people Who iS alone on the ship, the only one Without a camera, and unlike most eople relaxing isnt the purpose Of his trip.He describes himself as an agoraphobe and spends most of the time in his cabin. believe Wallace's fear is keeping him from truly letting go and enjoying himself and that is the main reason to why his opinion of his experience can sound contradicting at times. By Narina-Karapetyan For most people even the idea of being able to relax and finally go on a vacation is uncomfortable getting too comfortable. He receives â€Å"stress from pampering† and a â€Å"weird kind of pampering-paranoia†. Throughout the whole essay Wallace is very ritical and Ju dgmental not only of the cruise, but of its staff, and passengers as well.To express himself in his writing, he uses a lot of repetition and metaphors to get his While this descriptive essay is humorous and an easy read due to the language, it is also very detailed and a little too verbose for my liking. On one side this creates imagery and makes the readers feel like they are on the cruise with David, but its this same thing that also makes it exhausting to read. There is a lot going and most of the time the extensive details of little things like the deck chairs or the inside of his akes the reader doze off and become disinterested.And Just in case we didn't know enough already, Wallace includes lengthy footnotes that elaborate even further. Wallace never actually states that he isn't enjoying the cruise, but through his language we can make this implication. â€Å"l have seen a lot of really big white ships.. I have seen camcorders that practically required a dolly†¦ Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ have seen a toupee on a what would seem like interesting experiences but by saying â€Å"Is this enough? † he shows us that he is annoyed with everything he has encountered.He compares the hip to many things, but one that I found to be most shocking is his comparison to Schindler's List†(270). In spite of all this, he is still able to see the natural beauty of his One of the themes in this essay is being an outsider, in many ways David Wallace doesn't belong on this cruise ship and is on the outside looking in. He is one of two people who is alone on the ship, the only one without a camera, and unlike most people relaxing isn't the purpose of his trip. He describes himself as an agoraphobe and spends most of the time in his cabin. I believe Wallace's fear is keeping him from

Polymer Processing

Chapter 3. Polymer Processing Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 1. Procedure for casting sheets of polymer. Polymer Materials Page ? 2 Polymer Process Techniques HEMA = hydroxyethyl methacrylate EGDMA = ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Fig. 3. 2. Centrifugal mold for poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) contact lenses Solvent casting of films Fig. 3. 3. Laboratory spreading device for the solution casting of films. Polymer Materials Page ? 3 Polymer Process Techniques Roll casting Fig. 3. 4. Knife coating of a polymer onto a film. Polymer Materials Page ? 4 Polymer Process TechniquesFig. 3. 5. Polymer casting bench. Polymer Materials Page ? 5 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 6. Solution casting of films on an industrial scale with the use of rotating metal drums. Polymer Materials Page ? 6 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 7. Use of a moving-belt system for the continuous solution casting of polymer films. Polymer Materials Page ? 7 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 8. ‘Bubbleâ⠂¬â„¢ blowing of films. Polymer Materials Page ? 8 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 9. Film manufacture by calendering. Polymer Materials Page ? 9 Polymer Process TechniquesMethods for melt processing of films Fig. 3. 10. Hydraulic press for the melt pressing of polymer films. Polymer Materials Page ? 10 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 11. Sequence of operations for the melt extrusion of polymer films. Polymer Materials Page ? 11 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 12. Diagram of a plastics extruder. Polymer Materials Page ? 12 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 13. Diagram of a compression-molding press and mold. Polymer Materials Page ? 13 Polymer Process Techniques Melt process Fig. 3. 14. Diagram of an injection-molding machine. Polymer MaterialsPage ? 14 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 15. Thermoforming of polymer sheets. Polymer Materials Page ? 15 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 16. ‘Plug flow reactor’ to manufacture radiation crosslinked tubings or bel ts. Polymer Materials Page ? 16 Polymer Process Techniques Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) Advantages: ? Large parts ? Low viscosity ? Inexpensive Materials : ? Urethanes ? Polyureas ? Nylon ? Polyolefins Fig. 3. 17. Reaction injection molding (RIM) device to produce reinforced polyurethanes. ? Cylinder charged with diol and triol plus dibutyltin dilaurate ?Cylinder charged with molten diisocyanate ? Half of split mold ? Half of split mold ? Cavity to be filled with reinforcing fiber, then with mixed liquid from nozzle ? Nozzle for mixing streams from ? and ? Polymer Materials Page ? 17 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 18. Apparatus for the laboratory wet spinning of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 18 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 19. Use of a motor-driven syringe pump for the laboratory preparation of wet-spun fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 19 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 20. Laboratory assembly for the ry spinning of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 20 Polymer Pro cess Techniques Fig. 3. 21. Industrial wet spinning. Polymer Materials Page ? 21 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 22. Laboratory or pilot-plant equipment for the melt extrusion of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 22 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 23. Manufacturing equipment for the dry spinning of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 23 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 24. Equipment for the melt spinning of fibers on an industrial scale. Polymer Materials Page ? 24 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 25.Three methods for the continuous orientation of synthetic fibers. (a) The fiber passes round a ‘peg’ which stabilizes the stretch orientation being induced by the faster-turning set of rollers. (b) The faster-turning drum stretches the polymer in the orientation zone. With this technique some difficulty may be experienced with stabilization of this zone. (c) The two drums turn at the same speed. But the fiber is stretched because of the greater circumference of the se cond drum. Polymer Materials Page ? 25 Polymer Process Techniques Processing of Elastomers (Vulcanizable) Fig. 3. 26.Reactor to manufacture four-ply valcanized rubber belts. Polymer Materials Page ? 26 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 27. Tire molding process Polymer Materials Page ? 27 Polymer Process Techniques Composite & Laminate Processing Fig. 3. 28. Plug-flow reactor to form epoxy resin preimpregnated sheet. Polymer Materials Page ? 28 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 29. ‘Batch reactor’ to manufacture glass-fiber reinforced polyesters. Polymer Materials Page ? 29 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 30. Procedure used to manufacture fiber reinforced epoxy resins. Polymer Materials Page ? 30

Quote Expansions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quote Expansions - Coursework Example at social movements engaged in resistance fail to give a clear picture of what the reality is concerning issues of violence against homosexuals or women. Dean states that whatever is taught at school under patriotic narrative is erroneous because it states that the law is an answer to all problems related to racial and sexist problems because it has created a fair and neutral America. Spade shows that this narrative is wrong because if it were true, the US should not experience issues of inequality or violence against sexual minorities such as lesbians and gays (Spade 21). The author supports this by stating that resistant political theorists and social movements show the concept of state violence through exposing the fact that the entities that are supposed to protect minority groups such as gays and women have failed to do so showing that the state is not the ideal place where people should look for protection (Spade 21). In agreement with Spade, it is indeed true that looking at institutions and the possession of power is a narrow view could be detrimental towards understanding significant issues in the society. While it is true that the state can contribute towards the lessening of violence and discrimination against sexual and gender minorities through formulation and implementation of laws, state and the laws as institutions could be the same places where violence erupts. For example, in Dual Dualisms by Fausto-Sterling, the author addresses issues of male or female and how the International Olympics Committee (IOC) deconstructed this in the 1960s. Focusing on testing of athletes, she states, â€Å"In part, IOC rules reflect cold war political anxieties: during the 1968 Olympics, for instance, the IOC instituted ‘‘scientific’’ sex testing in response to rumors that some Eastern European competitors were trying to win glory for the Communist cause by cheating—having men masquerade as women to gain unfair advantage† (Fausto-Sterling 2). Here, the

The Case of Pulte Group, Inc Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The of Pulte Group, Inc - Case Study Example This paper analyzes Pulte Group as a case study of company analysis. The study is divided in two phases. First, an understanding of the company’s business, strategies and industry is presented to show relation of activities to its spending. Second part is a ratio analysis to understand the relationship of ratios from previous years for internal trends and ratios of other firms for external trends for comparison. The importance of a financial analysis nowadays cannot be discounted because of its contributions to decision-making. As a guide to interested stakeholders, an Analysis of Pulte Group, Inc. is being done for the purpose of reviewing trends of financial performance of the company to find if there its strategies are consistent with their spending; and to know if the company measures up with competition. Comparing the company with competitors will give light as to the standing of the company. As this company is a publicly listed company, shareholders of the company are interested to know status of the company because of their personal interests of investments. Credit institutions and suppliers are likewise paying attention to its credibility due to risks involved in doing business with the company. Finally, the government, as the controller of institutions concerned with the implementations of SEC rules of submission of its annual Report, has to check compliance. The Analysis reviews company strategies in the first part of the study; then ratios are calculated for internal and external trends. Data used come from published Annual Report of the company, and published analysis of experts. Sources of financial information are the Financial Statements of the company published in Morning Star (2013) and Pulte’s Annual Report for 2011. Advice of Lermack, H.(2003) a professor in Philadelphia University in conducting financial analysis, was consulted in this study and used it as guide for comments. Background of the company Pulte Group is one of the largest homebuilders in the U.S. It was incorporated in 1987 and is a listed company in the stock exchange. Its strategies are divided into two operations: the homebuilding and financial services. Company operates in 3 brands: the Pulte Group Homes, Centex, and Del Webb. In homebuilding operations, strategies used are offering of single-family detached, townhouses, condominiums, and duplexes at di fferent prices, options and amenities to its customers. Customers are segmented as to as to entry-level, move-up, and active level. Company also acquires land for construction of homes for sale to homebuyers. It employs realty as it sells parcel of land to third parties for development. In order to attract prospects, company advertises, use brochures, and displays. It has opened a website to facilitate views of products, sites, negotiations, and information. For financial operations, company has own financial services that include mortgage and title operations through Pulte Mortgage and other subsidiaries. As an originator of mortgages, it uses its own funds and borrowings in mortgage and title

On Maximising Profits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Maximising Profits - Essay Example The desire to maximise profits does not form a clear and unique behaviour prescription. Enke (1965, p.54) adds that consequently, the economist cannot make individual-firm predictions in the short run.1 When the future outcomes of present decisions are uncertain, motivation does not constitute a criterion for each entrepreneur. To clarify motivation and criterion, Enke (1965, p.53) provides the following extreme gambling example. Suppose that one gambler might be given a hundred dollars and is told to make a single bet at a roulette table and "maximise profits" whereas another player might similarly be given one hundred dollars but then to "maximise losses." If they are obedient, both gamblers will play a number than a colour because, if they are ever to secure the maximum profits and maximum losses that they respectively seek, the longest odds provide profits or losses at the highest rate; if they both played a colour, they would be acting that is inconsistent with their instructions. Unless people have beliefs concerning the likelihood of certain future events occurring, a specific motivation cannot provide them with criterion for selecting one alternative from one another. The economist cannot predict how an entrepreneur will act if the economist does not know the entrepreneur's assessments of future pr obabilities (Enke 1965, p.55). Baumol (1961, p.193) also provides an example as to why the profit-maximising assumption does not hold for all firms. A small firm that is run by its owner may seek to maximise the proprietor's free time subject to the constraint that his earnings exceed some minimum level, and, indeed, there have been cases of overworked businessmen who, on medical advice, have turned down profitable business ventures. According to Anthony (1965, p.61), if a firm is to maximise its profits, the businessman must set a price such that the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. This means that as a minimum he must be able top estimate the demand at all prices and the marginal cost at all volumes, and he must further estimate the extent to which demand is interdependent with cost because of advertising and other order-getting expenditures. In practice, states Anthony, is a "fantastically" [emphasis mine] difficult task, so difficult that is rarely attempted in practice. In Anthony's words: "who can accurately estimate the demand for a product at even one price" Another critic of the profit maximising firm is the "denigration" of the importance of managerial activity or to imply that it is without significant difficulties. Baumol (1993, p.3) defines the manager as the individual who oversees the ongoing efficiency of the continuing processes. In its generic and simplest form, the theoretical firm must choose among alternative values for a small number of rather well-defined variables: price, output, perhaps advertising outlay, and occasionally, a few others. The firm is then to perform a mathematical calculation which yields the optimal (profit maximising) values for all of its decision variables that the theory declares the firm's vector of decisions. Until there is such a shift in one of the relationships that define the problem, the firm is taken to replicate

Multicultural Approaches to Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multicultural Approaches to Counseling - Essay Example The facts of The Urban League Report also points to some of the most significant realities about the cultural background of the African American men who need special attention in the process of counseling. The cultural, educational, historical, racial, traditional, and personal background of the African American as presented through the article suggest some vital issues that are faced by the counselors as they carry on with the efforts of accommodating the specific needs of the cultural context of the African American males. The various issues to be considered in the Counseling of African American Men as presented in the article are relevant information, though it does not offer the complete picture. The issues offered under the heads Racism, Problems of aggression and control, Cultural alienation/disconnection, Self-esteem issues, Dependency issues, Attitudes and behaviors related to seeking help etc correspond to some of the essential issues in the cultural context of the African A mericans, though there other aspects as well. The guidelines for counseling the African American Men as well as the five stages of counseling the African American Men also offer pertinent information on the issue. ... 2. What use, if any, can a counselor make, of information such as this The article "Counseling African American Men (a summary)" has an important value to the counseling practitioners working in the cultural background of the African American Men as it deals with some of the most pertinent aspects of the issues corresponding to the cultural context of these people. "All humans are situated in an historical as well as a cultural process. Any understanding of African American men is predicated on an understanding of African American history and culture. This means that counseling approaches must be based on an understanding of and sensitivity to the personal history of African Americans." (Counseling African American males: The male socialization process of African American males, 1995-2001). A counselor in the cultural background of the African American Men can make use of some basic information offered by the article and primarily, it offers to present the cultural and historical context of these people which will guide the counselor in this line. The a rticle has immense significance as it offers the historical and cultural perspectives with an immediate response to the Black experience in America. The value of the article at the hands of the counselors working in the background of the African American men amounts as it offers to present some of the basic issues that needed to be considered in the counseling of the African American Men. Some of the issues relating to the counseling of the African American males are presented by the article, which include the issues of racism, problems of aggression and control, cultural alienation or disconnection, matters relating to self-esteem, dependency, and the attitudes and

Definition of The Bermuda Triangle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition of The Bermuda Triangle - Essay Example What actually makes this specific region of the Atlantic Ocean primarily fascinating and the reason why this region has amassed such immense worldwide attention over time is based on the fact that word of mouth has played a significant role in this issue which is discussed in this essay. People have rushed to associate supernatural explanations with the Bermuda Triangle due to which this region gained a mysterious aura in a short span of time. Along with contemplating the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle historically, some majorly important characteristics related to it are also discussed and explained in the essay. Beginning with the important accidents that occurred in the Bermuda Triangle due to which it attracted massive attention, the disappearance of an entire troop of bombers and planes without leaving behind a single trace are worth mentioning. Unexplained disasters led people to believe in the myths that there ought to be something deadly, monstrous, and heinous in the ocean due to which people, planes, and ships disappear to never get recovered. After the big incident of plane crashes in the Bermuda Triangle, the gateway to disasters opened up and myriad other disappearances began to be reported due to which this specific area became a highly talked about, riveting, and enthralling topic around the globe and research began on a large scale with no concrete facts revealed and ambiguity, confusion, and mystery ensued. Over time, headlights continued cropping up about more flights and ships along with hundreds of innocent people vanished in the deep waters and no explanation was ever presented publicly other than the dark doubtful statements which led people to speculate that there had to be some supernatural phenomenon in action in that specific area of the Atlantic Ocean, never once stopping to consider the probable role played by natural calamities or human errors. One stark similarity among all the casualties which played a major role in spreading bla ck doubts among the public was that the ships, planes, and aircraft which vanished in the ocean never showed up after some months as wreckage. Now wreckage forms important indicators of where actually the accident took place in case of sea crashes and as for the reported cases of aircraft, if they ever actually did happen, never any oil slicks were found in the ocean by the trackers which put a blind end to the search for authentic facts. It is not like the reasons for all the disasters which occurred in the Bermuda Triangle in the past were left uncovered, rather natural calamities and technical errors accounted for some accidents but, a large proportion of people still remained intent on relying on the supernatural explanations. UFOs and natural reasons form the widely speculated reasons for the disappearances occurring in the Bermuda Triangle of the Atlantic Ocean since the beginning. UFOs are unexplained anomalies which many people have claimed to witness though there is no conc rete fact which can be associated with it.

Compare and contrast at least two types of industrialization strategy Coursework

Compare and contrast at least two types of industrialization strategy - Coursework Example Further more, it will explain the advantages of the strategies and how different countries have used them to ensure that they are doing well economically. At the end of it all, it will give a clear picture to which strategy can work best for countries thus the comparison of the two strategies. Industrialisation is a process that allows people within a society to change their social and economic status. Industrialisation is a great contributor to modernisation of an area. People go through changes like better and stronger buildings, more intensified machines for processing things, better technology, and large scale production of energy like electricity and better communication and transportation channels. It is also a major contributor to cultural changes that is, with industrialisation, many people change how they view and do things. Their attitudes change completely. Industrialisation comes in with the influence of politics, skilled labour and large scale production with low costs. Industrialization is a major contributor to the economic welfare of a country. Thus many economists attribute economic success to good industrialisation processes1. There are two main industrialization strategies that can be discussed and have been used by many countries to uplift their econom ic status. The ISI strategy is also known as the import substitution industrialisation while, the EOI strategy that is also known as export-oriented industrialization1. Import substitution is an economic strategy that involves a country coming up with trade policies. It is the attempt a country makes to ensure that it produces its own materials instead of importing. It tries to copy how other countries are producing certain goods and products thus start its own production within the country. It involves a lot of government spending in producing the goods. It requires acquiring the

Performance Measurement and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Performance Measurement and Management - Essay Example Then for the last fifteen to twenty years the demands of call centers have tremendously increased. A call center is an operation where employees or agents use computers and specially designed phones to receive calls, do outbound calls on some occasions. These calls then are operated by automatic call distribution (inbound) or predictive dialing system (outbound). The computers that the agents used are specially develop to verify customer data, gather information, and store gathered data (Taylor and Bain 1999). The call center industry provides various types of services and products. There are call centers that handle medical accounts like prescription handling and order taking; some provide service for bank companies like credit and loans, some provide service for reservations in a hotel or air flight, some centers do provide technical support like those who handle internet connectivity and computer troubleshooting. The call center management uses several tools; one of these tools is the automatic call distribution system. This system provides the company various information essential to keep the business running. The system automatically place callers on queue while the agents are busy assisting other customers. The ACD system also presents wide array of statistics necessary for the operation of a call center. The ACD system provides statistics like how many possible calls are to come in for a specific time (this statistic helps the managers control the number of agents that needs to be on the phone on a particular time), the system also presents the number of agents on call and the number of agents waiting for calls to come in. The system provides the ideal length of call time per customer versus the length of waiting or avail time of agents. The system at the end of the shift will display the number of calls the entire account has answered, dropped,

The Multi-unit manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Multi-unit manager - Essay Example Practical and Implications – The knowledge obtained from this study will help the multi-unit restaurant operation in the development of Human resource in terms of recruitment, selection and training needs. Introduction In the United Kingdom, the service industry represented over 77.1 percent of Gross Domestic Production in 2010 (CAI Fact book, 2011). There are many international hotels such as Hiltons or Accor that have expanded all over the world. In restaurant sector, most restaurants seem to be a small business or family business, which has only one unit. After raising more profit, the business tends to expand its outlets to both national and overseas level. McDonald’s, for example, has expanded its branches, which are approximately 31,000 restaurants in 2010 (Ritzer 2011). Multi-unit restaurants could be defined as a company which rivals in the sector with more than one unit of a concept or theme (Olesen et al 1992). Due to intense competitiveness in the restaurant sector, cost reduction and standardization have been consistently focused on in multi-unit firms in order to get returns on investment of its brand (Jones 1993). In a chain of restaurants, â€Å"manager of managers† or the manager who operates between operations and cooperate level managers is called as the Multi-unit manager (Drucker 1995). According to Goss-Turner (1999), in a multi-unit firm or the multi-unit area responsible for 2 to15 units, the responsibilities of the Multi-unit managers are to concentrate on strategy of business rather than single unit operations. As a result of standardizations that have increased in nineteenth century, the multi-unit has grown along with systematic assessment for selection of training for the multi-unit manager (Goss-Turner 1999). It could be seen that with the intention of expanding in chain, multi restaurant outlets and the multi-unit area need to develop simultaneously. To gain a competitive advantage, the company should be able t o develop quality of their employees especially the multi-unit manager. It can be said that most of the academic study has focused on the role, responsibilities and skills of single-unit operation, but on the multi-unit company. The skills of the area manager are likely to be different from the single unit managers. Umbreit and Smith (1990) claimed that almost all the area managers are recruited from single units. Consequently, the multi-unit managers have faced problems in making the transition from single-units to multi-units because of the role, responsibility and skills that are different from single operation managers. Umbreit and Tomlin (1986) surveyed many multi-food services and highlighted that most functions of the multi-unit managers are related to restaurant operation, human resource, and finance. Subsequently, Muller and Campbell (1995) also showed that human resource was the most significant issue for the multi-unit managers. In addition, in 2009 human resource, restau rant operation and finance were still the major requirements for the multi-unit manager position. For these reasons, at the heart of this study is to analyze the roles, responsibilities and skills of the multi-unit managers in restaurant industry by providing a case study of Pan Asia group. A semi structure conducts interview of the multi-unit

A movie of social relevance - Sigwa Essay Example for Free

A movie of social relevance Sigwa Essay Sigwa began with Dolly (Dawn Zulueta, Megan Young) returning to the Philippines to look for her long lost daughter. She was a Filipino-American journalist sent to the Philippines in the 1970’s to write about the rising social unrest at that time. But later, she found herself being recruited to the revolutionary and underground youth group Kabataang Makabayan. While looking for her daughter, Dolly is also reunited with her fellow comrades, almost 40 years since they last saw each other. They were Rading (Jaime Pebanco, Jay Aquitania) an urban poor out-of-school-youth activist, Oliver (Tirso Cruz III, Marvin Agustin) an arrested student activist who later became a presidential spokesman, Azon (Gina Alajar, Lovi Poe) who grew frail and weak caused by the trauma of the rape when she was arrested, and Cita (Zsa Zsa Padilla, Pauleen Luna), once a student activist now a leader of the New People’s Army. Sigwa was simply amazing. The cast was great as well as their portrayal of their roles. It seemed so real. After watching Sigwa, I have realized that the movie provided more than just a retrospect of Philippine history. It also brought me back to the First Quarter Storm of the year 1970, where I have witnessed Martial Law through the lives led by six young activists. It is more than just a commemorative film: it had relived the tempest of our country’s history and allowed us to reflect about its significance in the present. Sigwa gave us only a glimpse of how the Filipinos in the past have struggled to attain democracy, to relive the history of the Filipinos struggle against Martial Law, and to show our continuing aspiration for democracy, peace and justice. And yet through the movie, I had reflected from the country’s history how we continuously try to reach total democracy today; that the recurring problems about democracy that we are facing today are also the same in the past; watching the movie enlightened me more about the Martial Law and the events that took place during the First Quarter Storm.

The Current Firewall Technology Computer Science Essay

The Current Firewall Technology Computer Science Essay Currently firewall technology as a specialized engineering solution rather than a scientifically based solution. Currently firewall is classified in to three category packet filtering, proxy server, and stateful firewall. This paper is main focus on the various type of firewall available and their pros and cons. Originally computer network was design for data communication to share the resources. The sharing of resources was bounded between universities. Eventually businesses, corporations, government agencies were begun to use internet. So network become vital part of their institution. Computer networking, however, is not without risks as Howard illustrates in his analysis of over 4000 security incidents on the Internet between 1989 and 1995 [1]. A neutral approach to network protection draws from several other fields, such as physical security, personnel security, operations security, communication security, and social mechanisms. [2] According to definition firewall is a set of mechanisms that can enforce a network domain security policy on communication traffic entering or leaving a network policy domain [3]. In simple word firewall is guard point which gives control point of entry or exit from computer or network. It is a first line of defence and it is also a contact point of the netw ork. It is very important to choose and design firewall to guard inside network from outside attack. Case Study Figure 1: ABC.Ltd network [6] Above figure shows our case study network . Consider a case where company ABC.Ltd want to implement a firewall for their campus design. Company whole network is divided in to three parts, inside network, Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and outside network. Inside network has ip address 10.1.1.0/24. DMZ is further divided in to two sub section; one is protected DMZ which has ip address 192.168.11.0/24 and dirty DMZ which is dump host whose ip address is 192.168.1.0/24. Dump host is a computer which got nothing important in it. These dump hosts are act as a honey pot which is use to lure attacker so that network security designer know different type of attack and help them to design security policy. DMZ is a zone where company put their services like web services, FTP services etc. Company has remote office which uses secure VPN to connect to the main campus network. There are different type of firewall technology which are packet filtering, proxy server and stateful firewall, Network Address Translation (NAT),Software firewall. Each firewall has their advantages and disadvantages. Rest portion of this paper is describe pro and cons of different firewall. Packet Filtering This is one of the simple types of firewall. This firewall is work on OSI layer 3 and 4.It filter packet by looking at IP address, TCP/UDP port number. It compare the incoming packet against pre define rule configure in to the router. After comparing router make decision to allow or deny the packet [4]. An access list is used to create rule to make decision. Figure shows the working of the packet filtering firewall. Figure 2: Packet Filtering in Router [4] Pros The simplest of the firewall technologies to configure. Only required access list to configure the firewall. Packet filtering capabilities are easily available in many hardware and software routing products, both commercially and they are freely available over the Internet. It is less processor intensive. Adding a filtering rule to a router produces little or no additional performance overhead. It is use for all type of application because it operates at the OSI layer 3 (Network) and layer 4 (Transport) layer. Only one router is required to protect entire network. Cons The packet filter has no intelligent to identify the authenticity of source. A well trained intruder can spoof inside IP address and can fool the firewall as the packet is from inside network. Since filtering rule is configuring manually it add administrative workload. Adding complex rule to the firewall decrease the router performance. In some cases, the filtering is incompatible with certain caching Strategies commonly used for performance enhancement. Some policies cannot readily be enforced by normal packet filtering routers. Example The following example shows how to build basic packet filtering firewall Consider a scenario of company whose inside network is lying in IP address range 10.1.1.0/24. Ethernet 0/1 is inside interface and Ethernet 0/0 is outside interface. To protect against IP spoofing attack following access list policy is configure Access list 100 deny ip 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 127.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 172.16.0.0 0.15.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 224.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip host 255.255.255.255 any log Access list 100 permit ip any 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 Interface Ethernet 0/0 Ip access-group 100 in An access list is basic tool to configure for packet filtering. Generally all routers support this tool. Above example is configured and tested on Cisco router. There are free download is available on internet few examples are Tuneup 1.0, Truxtis, Visnetic. Packet filtering firewall is simple in configuring and freely available on internet it is good solution for small business where not much complex firewall implementation is required. In our case study implementation of packet filtering is not a wise solution. A simple reason is it is very cumbersome. Example shows that just to stop ip spoofing we need to configure eight commands. Sometime it is difficult to troubleshoot and manage for network administrator. Application Layer Firewall Application Layer Firewall is also known as a proxy server. According to dictionary meaning of proxy is A person authorized to act for another; an agent or substitute. Same definition is valid for proxy server in network security. Proxy server is a software package install on device and act behalf of protected network which allows or denies access across network [5, 7]. Figure 3: Proxy Server [4] Above figure shows the working of proxy server. Proxy server works at layer 7 of Open System Interconnection (OSI) system model [4]. It intercepts and established the connection behalf of internal host to the outside network. As shown in figure when inside network is trying to connect outside network, application layer firewall which is install on router is intercept the secession and check the request is valid or not. If it is not valid request it discard the packet and if it is a valid request it repackage the request and send it to outside network as the packet is send by itself. When outside network response the request proxy server repackaged the response and sends it back to the original inside network. In some case proxy server block all connection from outside network and allowed only inside network to go outside. The only traffic is allowed from outside is the response from outside network to inside network. In some case both inbound and outbound traffic is allowed but under strict observation [4, 5, 7]. Example A good example, and the one we probably see the most, is a web proxy. When configured to use a proxy, your web browser contacts the proxy server for each web access instead of going directly to the target server on the internet. The proxy server then turns around and makes the real request of the web server. The proxy server gets the response, and then passes it back to you. Another example is proxy server is Tibia proxy which is game proxy server. Tibia is a popular multiplayer online computer game hosted on Internet servers. To play Tibia requires establishing a network connection to TCP port 7171 on the server. Depending on your network setup and your Internet Service Provider (ISP), your direct connection to the Tibia server and ability to play the game may be blocked by a network firewall or proxy server. Setting up a Tibia proxy avoids this common connection problem. A Tibia proxy is a special Internet server (separate from the game server) that does not require a port 7171 connection. Instead, the Tibia proxy server will accept requests on alternative network ports (such as port 80) that will typically not be restricted by firewalls / proxies. The Tibia proxy, in turn, makes its own direct connection to the game server (on port 7171) and translates messages between the Tibia server and your client in real time to allow game play [8]. Pros Act as an intermediary between outside network and protected network. It prevent direction connection between source and destination It is application aware firewall so that it can analyzes application inside the payload Support user level authentication It able to log the traffic and can do user level authentication Cons It is processor intensive so it is slower than packet filtering Need to configure internal client about proxy server Sometime it does not support all type of application. For example Sling Player 2.0 does not supported by proxy server. It is single point failure. Proxy server is install on device so if that device gets compromised then whole security compromised. Stateful Packet Filtering Figure 4: Stateful Firewall [4] In the mid-1990s, packet filters and proxy servers were the two technologies used to build firewall systems. As the number of applications that needed to pass through firewalls increased, proxy server vendors could not keep up with the development of new proxy servers. On the other hand, packet filtering also could not support the dynamic nature of the many modern applications. Thus, a new technology was born [4, 11]. Stateful packet filtering is a combination of packet filtering and application level gateway firewall [11]. It contains advantages of both. It is also refer as a application aware firewall. Stateful firewall not only examines IP header information but also up to application layer information for better inspection. The working of stateful firewall is as follow. When host from inside network send a packet to outside network it check authorization of the network and if it is authorized then it allow the packet outside the network and maintain state table. State table is a table which keep track of the active network connection which is TCP secession or UDP communication passing across it. This is also called as saving of state. When destination network respond to the initial request it compare the response with the information saved in state table to allow or denied the packet [11]. Example Cisco Adaptive Security Appliances in short Cisco ASA [9], Cisco PIX firewall, Check Point [10] are example of stateful firewall. Pros It work at network level and transport level but also at application layer It is not a processor intensive as proxy server Temporarily open the outside port so it reduces the possibility of attack that work against static packet filtering. Because of the state table it is faster than application layer gateway Support almost all the services. Cons It allows direct connection to inside host once the request to enter the network is granted. An attacker may exploit the vulnerability of that host and poison the network. It required skill knowledge of different type of traffic and attacks Network Address Translation This is one of the simplest methods to protect inside network. Network Address Translation (NAT) is quite similar to the packet filtering. When it configure on router it translate internal private network to outside public network. It maintain translation table so when reply come from outside to inside it send back to correct host. There are three type of NAT static NAT, dynamic NAT, port address translation (PAT) [12]. Pros It is very simple to configure It hide private network behind one public IP address Unlikely proxy server it does not requires any configuration on inside host. Cons It is difficult to troubleshoot end-to-end NAT cause problem when Virtual Private Network (VPN) is configured Like packet filter firewall it work at network and transport level of OSI model so it translate packet based on ip address Personal Firewall The personal firewall is an application which is install on computer to protect personal computer from different virus and different kind of attack [13]. It allow or deny request from computer based on configure policies. Many personal firewall like does intrusion detection. An example of this type firewall is Host Base Intrusion Prevention (HIPS) which block the communication if it finds any suspicious activity [14]. Pros Prompt user for outgoing connection Allow user to control which application is permitted to connect interne od LAN Dose auditing for all user of the computer Tell user that application is attempting to connect internet and gives information about destination server with which application want to connect It dose virus scanning automatically every day and remove them Cons It is an application running on host so it gives some load on CPU If system get affected by malware or spyware, it can modify the firewall cause security issue Recommendation By looking at different type of firewall and comparing their advantages and drawback we can conclude that stateful firewall is good solution for our scenario. The product like Cisco ASA or Check Point is ideal to guard against different type of attack. They also does intrusion detection and prevention and can virtualized these firewall which save cost of buying extra firewall.

PESTEL Analysis of the Chinese Economy

PESTEL Analysis of the Chinese Economy There is no doubt that nowadays globalization brings opportunities for companies to expand their business activities easily to take advantages of other countrys growth through investing activities. However, before investing to overseas, a company should make a careful examination of the country they are intending to invest in especially the industry related to their investment. Examining the relationship between risks will help to measure the risks the company has to encounter and the information is actually helpful for company in decisions making. Based on factual country information and financial analysis, this assignment will point out main factors that will impact Soundtech Technologys general business activities when it starts business in China producing low cost sound system for budget cars called Superaudio. This assignment will start with China background information and then six factors in PESTEL model these include political, economic, social, technology, environment, and legal will be presented. In addition, Soundtech Technologys financial overview that includes financial factors as well as sensitive analysis will be conducted based on the data given. Lastly, some recommendations will be make to help Soundtech Technology in making investment decisions. 1. China background informations Area: 9,596,961 sq. km Population (July, 2010): 1,330,141,295. Annual growth rate: 0.494 % Ethnic groups: Han Chinese is 91.5%, ethnic minority and other nationalities are 8.5%. Religions: Officially atheist, Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian is about 3%-4%, Muslim is approximately 1%-2%. Languages: Mandarin is also called Putonghua is the main language in China, plus many local dialects. Government: Communist party-led state. GDP is $4.814 trillion (2009) Per capita GDP is $3,678 (2009) GDP real growth rate (2009): 8.7% Natural resources: mineral is plentiful including coal, petroleum, mercury, iron ore, natural gas, tin, tungsten, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, antimony, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium. Moreover, China is the worlds largest in hydropower potential. Agriculture: China is one of the worlds largest producers of rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley; commercial crops include cotton, other fibers, apples, oilseeds, pork and fish; produces variety of livestock products. Types of industry: China is focusing on mining, ore processing and others mineral such as iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals. Consumer product is one of the nation strongest industries. Transportation, electronics, telecommunications equipment as well as commercial space are major sectors. Trade: Exports (2009) $1.194 trillion: electrical and other machinery, including data processing equipment, apparel, textiles, iron and steel, optical and medical equipment. Main partners (2008) United States 17.7%, Hong Kong 13.3%, Japan 8.1%, South Korea 5.2%, and Germany 4.1%. Imports (2009) $921.5 billion: electrical and other machinery, oil and mineral fuels, optical and medical equipment, metal ores, plastics, organic chemicals. Main partners (2008) Japan 13.3%, South Korea 9.9%, Taiwan 9.2%, U.S. 7.2%, Germany 4.9%. Undoubtedly, the electronics is the one of the leading industry in Chinas manufacturing sector. Sales revenue from Chinas electronics and IT industries (not including software) is estimated approximately $772.8 billion in 2008, reaching a growth of 28.3% over 2007. According to a statistical report by Chinas Ministry of Information Industry (MII), sales revenue of Chinas electronic information industry from January to April 2008 increased by 20.5% over the same period of last year. EE Times-China and ESM-China Market Research Dept predict that from 2006 to 2008, Chinas electronics industry will maintain a CAGR of 25.5% (global sources.com). 2. PESTEL analysis An analysis of Chinas Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal factors is essential to the strategic management and implementation of the project. The positive and negative effect on the projects initiation and development will be pointed out through the analysis of the external factors. 2.1 Political factors 2.1.1 General information Currently, China Government is ongoing to promote rule of law. After the Cultural Revolution, a legal system to restrict of official authority and revolutionary excesses has been developed. In 1982, the National Peoples Congress issued a new state constitution that emphasized the rule of law under which even party leaders are theoretically held accountable. Since 1979, when the drive to establish a functioning legal system began, more than 300 laws and regulations concerned about economic areas have been promulgated. In the 1990s Legal reform became a government priority. Legislation designed to modernize and professionalize the nations lawyers, judges, and prisons was issued. The Chinese constitution and laws provide for fundamental human rights, including due process, however in practice these are often ignored. In addition to other judicial reforms, the Constitution was modified in 2004 that include the protection of individual human rights as well as the legally-obtained private property, but it does not clear about how some of these provisions will be implemented. Since this modification, there have been new promulgations in bankruptcy law and anti-monopoly law, and modifications for both company and labor law. Although additional safeguards to citizens have been provided in new criminal and civil laws, previously debated political reforms, including expanding elections to the township level beyond the current trial basis, have been put on hold. 2.1.2 Recent political events Since Tiananmen, 13 rounds of human rights dialogue between the U.S and China has been conducted. In May 2010, the most recent round was taken placed; topics were turned around religious freedom, the rights of labor, freedom of expression, rule of law, the discrimination of race, and multilateral cooperation as well. A foundation to continue these rounds in the future was adopted by The U.S. and China leading to unanimous approval for the next round of dialogue in China in 2011. The meetings in Lhasa on March 10th 2008, marking the 49th anniversary of the Tibetan uprising turned violent, and led to protests and unsecure state throughout Tibetan areas and others surrounding provinces. The army and police force monitored strictly Tibetan areas for the safety of the 50th anniversary in 2009 and 51st in 2010 and security was tightened in the border with Nepal. Armed uprising was ongoing when ethnic violence broke out in Urumqi in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region on July 5, 2009. Security control significantly increased in Urumqi and its surrounding areas and as the result some mosques in Xinjiang were closed. As of early 2010, Urumqi was still under a heavy police control and most Internet and international phone communication were totally cut off. In recent years, riots have been happened in China that has created the unstable condition for foreign companies investment in China. However, China Government has taken strict measures to prevent and stop this situation that creates safe environment for foreign investors. 2.2 Economic factors Chinas economy has been reformed and opened since 1978. A more pragmatic thinking on many political and socio economic problems has been approved by the Chinese leadership and therefore the role of ideology in economic policy has been partly reduced. China has transformed its economic into the market-oriented that positively impact not only on China but also on the world. These economic reforms China has implemented over the past 2 decades have profoundly affected both individual initiative and entrepreneurship. As the result the poverty has been significantly reduced and the average income has reached to highest level ever seen. At the beginning of 2010China is ranked as the second-largest economy in the world after overtaking Japan to capture this position. An average economic growth has been sustained over 9.5% for the past 26 years. In 2009, its economy reached to $4.814 trillion was about one-third the size of the U.S. economy. The high economic growth along with higher nationa l income growth may boost demand for Soundtech Technologys products this is big opportunity for the firm to develop its business. In the 1980s, the combination of central planning with market-oriented reforms were tried to implement in order to increase productivity, living standards, and technological quality but not lead to negative effect on inflation, unemployment, and budget deficits In addition, Chinese Government pursued agricultural reforms, dismantling the commune system and introducing a household-based system that provided peasants greater decision-making in agricultural activities. Besides that nonagricultural activities like village enterprises in rural areas were also encouraged. Similarly, the government promoted more self-management for state-owned enterprises in order to increased competition in the marketplace, and create opportunities for Chinas domestic enterprise directly contact with the foreign ones. On 20th June 2010, Chinas central bank set the Yuan exchange rate at higher level after committing to increase the flexibility of exchange rate of its currency. Reference exchange rate of the day was set at 6.7980 Yuan on USD 1 its strongest level since September 2008, up 0.43% compared with the level of 6.8275 Yuan on 21st June 210. A stronger Yuan would make Chinese exports more expensive, help redress trade balances and bring some reliefs to foreign manufactures struggling to complete. The increase of Yuan exchange rate creates disadvantages for Soundtech Technology when they export their products to overseas markets because it raises the price in term of foreign currency. Especially, in recent years the cooperative relationship between China and Singapore have been improved within related global and regional organizations such as the ASEAN plus China, Japan and South Korea, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). At the same time, both China and Singapore have conducted beneficial cooperation and put efforts to offer training sessions to a third country and to help their companies or enterprises explore and exploit the world market. The 20th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic corporation between China and Singapore is marked in year 2010 as well as the event of Chinas participation in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (FTA). By taking advantages of all the opportunity from the partners, China is ready to work with Singapore to lift bilateral relations to a new level and bring more substantial benefits to the citizens of both countries. For this reason, China Government always makes the best condition to welcome Soundtech Technology to invest in China. 2.3 Social factors With a population officially over 1.3 billion and an estimated growth rate of 0.494%, China is very concerned about its population growth and has attempted with mixed results to implement a strict birth limitation policy. The governments goal is to stabilize the population in the first half of the 21st century, and 2009 projections from the U.S. Census Bureau are that the Chinese population will peak at around 1.4 billion by 2026. It can be said that China has huge population that supply to the market a profuse workforce which is an opportunity for Sountech Technology to expand its business in China. Another affecting factor that can be considered is the trend of employment with relation to the unemployment level. The current unemployment rate in China in January 2010 is 4.3% which demonstrates that this project would help the society and in turn the economy by creating positive job opportunities. Source: tradingeconomic.com Recently, China Government has increased the minimum wages. On 1st April Guangdong increased the provinces minimum wages by an average 13%. Moreover, the southern China province produces about 13% of Chinas economic output, the most among the countrys 32 provinces. Minimum wages in the capital city Guangzhou reached to 860 yuan increased $120 per month from 780 yuan, Wages of other cities in the province would also get a boost, with those in some inland cities up nearly 18%. China Government has increased the minimum wages that is a challenge for Sountech Technology because they have to paid more for labor costs that will decrease business profit. 2.4 Technological factors Chinese science strategists realize Chinas greatest opportunities in technology fields such as computers and biotechnology, where creates a chance for China to make innovation in these areas. It cannot be denied that a dense network of trans-Pacific contact have been built by most overseas Chinese students that will boost the cooperation between U.S. and China scientific in coming years. The U.S. space program is regarded as the standard of scientific modernity in China is held annually. Chinas small but growing space program is national pride of China when its third manned orbit was totally successful in September 2008. Technology Agreement is the model for bilateral cooperation between The U.S and China in science field. In April 2006 the Science and Technology Agreement was extended by a 5-year agreement was signed. The agreement which includes approximately 60 protocols, memoranda of understanding, agreements, and annexes, is considered as the longest-standing between U.S.-China accords. The agreement encompasses cooperation between U.S. and China in variety fields like marine conservation, renewable energy, and health. Besides the U.S China also has close relationship with Japan and the European Union in science and technology cooperation. Based on the data supplied by the State Development Planning Commission, during the Ninth Five-year Plan period from1996 to 2000, China has significant technological development. 50,000 projects have been set up under the Spark Plan. Started in 1986, these projects were actually a technological program in order to enhance the IT level in rural areas. Since 1996 a total of CNY192.9 billion has been invested in the Spark Plan in which CNY3.5 billion was from the Governments Funds, CNY41.9 billion were from loans of banks and CNY147.5 billion from private and other social sectors. Since 1996 the Chinese government has invested CNY3.19 billion in the industrial sector to develop technical innovation projects. In addition, since 1999 the government has been focusing on technological innovation of State-owned enterprises by spending CY19.5 billion worth of treasury bonds A number of districts for high-tech development have been established for researching and developing technological purpose. For example in 1996 the Silicon Valley was built with an CNY101.5 billion investment in the infrastructure construction. Up to now there have been approximately 17,000 high-tech enterprises operating in those districts, with the employees more than 2.2 million. 2.5 Environmental factors Undoubtedly, along with Chinas rapid industrial development are the serious negative impacts on environment these include increasing pollution and decreasing natural resources as well. In 2007, China became the worlds largest emitter of carbon dioxide and other gases leading to greenhouse. WTO conducted a report on the quality of air in 272 cities worldwide, pointed out seven out of the ten cities that are the most polluted in the world were in China. In addition based on Chinas own evaluation, two-thirds of the 402 cities which have been air polluted two-thirds of them moderately or severely so. According to environmental report, there is water polluted in almost all of the nations rivers to some degree and half of the population is lack of clean water for daily life. By some estimates, there are approximately 300 million people have to use contaminated water for drinking every day. Water scarcity also is considered as an issue; taking severe water scarcity in Northern China as an example that is actually a serious threat to sustained economic growth. Thus, the government has been working on a project for delivering a large-scale of water from the Yangtze River to northern cities, including Beijing and Tianjin. Some research estimate pollution costs hold the Chinese economy from 7% to 10% of GDP per year. Currently, like any Government, Chinas leaders are increasingly paying attention to environmental problems in the country. Realizing the important of environmental protection, The State Environmental Protection Administration was officially upgraded to a ministry-level agency, the Ministry of Environmental Protection in 1998. Recently, Chinas environmental legislation has been strengthened and some progress in stemming environmental deterioration has also been made. China took part the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development in 2005, which unites industries and government to implement common strategies together that reduce pollution and global climate change. Campaign about pollution control was great invested that a factor contributing to a successful Olympic Beijing 2008, though some of the benefits were just temporary in nature. Thanks to these campaigns the quality of air in some cities has been improved recently. It can be said that China is participating actively in climate change talks as well as other multilateral environmental negotiations, especially discussions about how developed countries deal with serious environmental issues that help developing countries to a greater extent. China has signed the Basel Convention about transporting and treating hazardous waste; the Montreal Protocol about the Ozone Layer Protection and other major environmental agreements. As long as China is huge country thus water scarcity is regarded as a big issue that also is the projects disadvantage. Besides that, climate change is considered as one of the major systematic risks for Soundtech Technology because climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offer. 2.6 Legal factors 2.6.1 Laws support foreign investors In order to encourage foreign companies to invest in China, China Government has gradually set up a relative complete law system. In 1979, The Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures was published. 20 years later, the Chinese government has promulgated and issued a series of laws and statutes about the establishment, operation, termination and liquidation of foreign-invested enterprises. The main laws and regulations include the three basic laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The law on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, The Law on Chinese-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures, and The Law on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises; detailed rules for the implementation of the three basic laws; The Company Law of the Peoples Republic of China; The Income Tax Law of the Peoples Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises; Interim Provisions for Guiding Foreign Investment; Industrial Catalogue for Foreign Investment; Interim Pro visions Concerning the Investment within China of Foreign-invested Enterprises, Provisions Regarding the Merger and Separation of Foreign-invested Enterprises, and Liquidation Measures for Enterprises with Foreign Investment. These provide legal bases from which to guarantee the independent operation rights of foreign-funded enterprises and to protect the legitimate rights and interest of both domestic and overseas investors. Currently, the Chinas government is considering its existing laws and statutes in accordance with the model of the WTO. It has abolished certain obsolete laws and regulations, and will gradually revise the laws and regulations that are incompatible with the rules of the WTO. 2.6.2 China Tax Regime Tax law is one of the most important issues that SoundTech Technology needs to understand as the tax regulations have a direct impact on STs business activities. China is known as one of the most attractive incentives packages in Asia. Tax incentives and other facilities for the manufacturing sector are provided for in the Promotion of Investment. The data below demonstrates the tax that a medium-size company must pay or be withheld in a given year, as well as measures of the administrative burden in paying taxes. These measures include the number of payments an entrepreneur must make; the number of hours spent preparing, filing, and paying; and the percentage of their profits they must pay in taxes. 2.6.3 Procedures to starting new business in Malaysia When foreign investors want to set up business in China, they have to wait for approval from the Government for a long time. The challenges of launching a business are shown below which include the number of steps entrepreneurs can expect to go through to launch, the time it takes on average, and the cost and minimum capital required as a percentage of gross national income (GNI) per capita.

A Genetic Study of Conjoined Twins :: Free Essay Writer

1.0 Introduction I have always been fascinated by conjoined twins and have always had questions about them like; what do the Siamese have to do with conjoined twins? Why does this form of twin happen? What, if any genes cause this? What types of Conjoined twins are there? How does the environment affect, if at all, the biological families' gene pool? In my research in efforts to prepare this paper, I found the answers to this question and many more. This term paper will cover the types of conjoined twins, the biological occurrence that causes conjoined twins, a look into some of the genetic and environmental causes of conjoined twins, the types of conjoined twins and the genetic and social impact of conjoined twins. 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Siamese - or - Conjoined Twins Let's answer the first question right off the bat. The terms Siamese Twins and Conjoined Twins are synonymous, 1 The term Siamese twins comes from the most famous of conjoined male twins, Chang and Eng Bunker, born in Siam of Chinese parents in 1811. The Bunker Twins were exhibited in Barnum's circus for many years. While they were never separated, they each married and were successful businessman and ranchers in Wilkes County, North Carolina. Chang and Eng were attached by a five-inch connecting ligament near their breastbones. Although the Bunker Twins were connected each of them and their wives, sisters Sallie and Adelaide Yates, lived fairly private lives when they weren't touring the world to earn income. The twins died within 2 hours of each other in 1874. After their deaths it was determined they could have been successfully separated, a medical option that was never offered to Eng and Chang during their lives. It was Eng and Chang's fame that helped coin the phrase 'Siamese Twins'. It should be noted that they were not the first pair of conjoined twins recorded in medical annals. There were approximately one hundred pairs of conjoined twins known by the time of their 1811 births. This fact supported the King of Siam's decision to reverse an early death sentence on the brothers. Fact of the matter is, conjoined twins were recorded as early as 945 in Armenia with the first pair of successfully separated twins occurring in 1689 by German physician G. Kà ¶nig. The term Siamese was later replaced with the more scientifically and sensitively correct and precise term conjoined. 1.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What Process Happens or Doesn't Happen that Causes Conjoined Twins?

Great Expectations as a Victorian Serial Novel :: Great Expectations Essays

  Ã‚   The average Victorian serial novel spoke about the sort of lifestyle nineteenth-century readers wanted for themselves. Charles Dickens was a talented novelist known for skills in serial writing. It was he who made the serial popular again after its near death from the crisis of the English tax. A serial is an ongoing story told over time in monthly or weekly installments. Great Expectations, in serial form, is a novel that was printed in weekly installments in Dickens's magazine, All Year Round. In its analysis it has proven to live up to true serial form.    In the serial form of Great Expectations there are two chapters in every weekly installment and seven chapters in each monthly installment. The entire novel consists of nine monthly and thirty-six weekly installments. In most serials there is more than one plot line in each installment. In Great Expectations this holds true. In both the weekly and monthly installments the plot lines seem to shift from chapter to chapter. So, although there is only one plot line per chapter, there are multiple plot lines in every installment. The nineteenth-century serial was meant to be a continuing story with each and every installment, in the sense that the interruptions do not seem like drastic cutoffs from the story. Each installment seems to end one part of the story nicely while still keeping the reader guessing and waiting for the next installment to pick up where the last one left off. The pick-ups of installments are individual beginnings that follow the plot line of the previous installment . A pattern that seems to follow with each installment is that the ending of an installment closes a chapter, while the pick-up of a new installment begins a new chapter. A second pattern is that each installment does not include a complete plot line, such as beginning-climax-ending. The complete plot line seems to expand over the course of the entire novel.    Publishing played a major role with the serial novel. The popularization of the serial came about when the English tax was proposed. Newspapers and magazines used bigger sheets of paper to avoid the tax and used serials to fill up this extra space. Many serials of the nineteenth-century were not published alone but in newspapers and magazines. Included with them were advertisements and illustrations. In serial form Great Expectations included illustrations within the novel.

Friendship in Wordsworths Tintern Abbey :: English Literature Essays

Friendship in Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey Of all the topics Wordsworth covered in his poetic lifetime, friendship stands out as a key occupation. His own personal friendship with Coleridge led to the co-writing of Lyrical Ballads in 1789. The poem â€Å"On Friendship,† written to Keats after an argument in 1854, states, â€Å"Would that we could make amends / And evermore be better friends.† In â€Å"Lines Written a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey,† we find the purest expression of Wordsworth’s fascination with friendship. Written on the banks of the Lye, this beautiful lyric has been said by critic Robert Chinchilla to â€Å"pose the question of friendship in a way more central, more profound, than any other poem of Wordsworth’s since ‘The Aeolian Harp’ of 1799† (245). Wordsworth is writing the poem to his sister Rebecca as a way of healing their former estrangement. Rebecca Wordsworth was, as many writers have pointed out, distressed at Wordsworth’s refusal to hold a full-time job—like many a youth after him, Wordsworth was living the carefree life of the artist. Rebecca wanted him put to rights. He should become an adult now. â€Å"Tintern Abbey† is Wordsworth’s attempt to explain himself to Rebecca, but also, in crucial ways, to himself. As the poem opens, Wordsworth is standing a few miles above the ruined Tintern Abbey. He states: Five years have past; five summers, with the length Of five long winters! and again I hear These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs With a soft island murmur. Despite his position, Wordsworth can hear the â€Å"soft island murmur† of the mountain springs. As â€Å"five long winters† suggests, Wordsworth is cold and dreary—London, we must remember, is a bitter place. He longs for the islands: the sand, sun, and warm waters that those murmurs suggest. The coldness of winter could be brought about by Rebecca’s distance from her brother; they had been, at the time of the poem’s writing, separate for five long years. But he can hear reconciliation coming just at the edge of hearing: he can spot the horizon of friendship. But no sooner does friendship appear in the poem than it is thwarted by these lines: Green to the very door; and wreaths of smoke Sent up, in silence, from among the trees! With some uncertain notice, as might seem Of vagrant dwellers in the houseless woods, Or of some Hermit's cave, where by his fire The Hermit sits alone.

Brown Tufted Capuchin

Brown Tufted Capuchins are New World primates from South America. They are one of the most widespread species of primates in the neotropics. Like other capuchins, these are social animals, forming groups of eight to ten individuals, and are led by a dominant male. The Tufted Capuchin is more powerfully built than the other capuchins, with rougher fur and a short, thick tail. In the wild they spend most of their time in trees. The goal of my study is to determine whether Brown Tufted Capuchins in zoos spend more time on the ground or off the ground.I did my observations on the Capuchin Troop, which is composed of 7 monkeys, 4 males and 3 females, ranging from the ages of 20 to 23 years old. Their enclosure contains different types of logs, ropes, boxes, rocks, and other materials that are part of their behavioral enrichment. Its measurements are 3. 81L, 3. 8W, 4. 57H and 8. 84L, 3. 8W, 4. 57H. Their diets consist of New World Monkey Chow and mixed vegetables. They are fed every mornin g before 10:30 a. m. and every afternoon after 2:30 p. m. My observations started on September 15th, 2010 and ended October 7th, 2010.I conducted them using the instantaneous sampling method, in which I recorded behaviors in three-minute intervals every 1 minute over an hour. I observed a different monkey every day, recorded every time it got on or off the ground and how much time they spent in each. After concluding my 30 hours of observations and carefully analyzing them, I determined that the capuchin troop spends more time on the ground than off the ground. They spent 10 hours, 31 minutes, and 29 seconds off the ground and 11 hours, 13 minutes, and 31 seconds on the ground. The results I obtained are much different than the ones I would have obtained doing observations in the wild. Although they spend much time foraging on the ground, Tufted Capuchins spend most of their time on trees.REFERENCES1. Article: Hass, M. , Buzzell, C. , Konick, A. J. , Phillips, K. A. 2003. â€Å"Soc ial learning and the acquisition of tool use in brown capuchin monkeys† The Ohio Journal of Science pA-7.2. Internet: Gron KJ. 2009 April 17. Primate Factsheets: Tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed 2010 October 13. http://www. rollinghillswildlife. com/animals/c/capuchinbrowntufted/index. html

Personal & Professional Development Essay

1.1  Cunningham1 has defined self-managed learning as â€Å"†¦idealised adult action learning†. Therefore, self learning is a process where the learner develops their learning goals, decides on strategies to make it happen, identifies resources needed to achieve it and adopts the process to evaluate their achievement. Self managed learning can only be effective if a person has the ability to independently decide about their learning and can manage this without much institutional support. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that most people, though understanding the need for such learning approach, are unable to identify and manage their learning without guidance and support from an institution. Hence, people go to an institution to learn. However, It is the responsibility of the learner to take charge of their learning. In an adult learning environment, where most learners have been out of touch with learning for a while, it is important that the tutors initially provide hands on approach to guide the learners. Gradually, ‘tutor dependency’ reduces and the learner becomes more self dependent, starting to manage their learning more effectively. Self learning process can be facilitated through research, using online tools such as web logs, wikis, search engine facilities, use of social software and other multimedia tools such as audio and video equipment. 1.2  Lifelong learning is a process that takes place throughout an individual’s life based on their life experiences, interaction with others and range of different circumstances which are used to acquire knowledge. It is, defined as the â€Å"ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons’’[2). There are various methods of learning, which can be termed as ‘life long learning’. These are: †¢ Home schooling : People learning at home rather than at an institute. †¢ Adult education : Enrolling in an adult learning course to gain formal qualifications for work or leisure. †¢ Continuing education : Courses to gain further knowledge without getting any formal qualification. †¢ Knowledge work : On-the-job training but can also include practical courses for professional development. †¢ Personal learning environment: Using a range of sources and tools including online applications. Lifelong learning is the most effective way to enhance personal and professional development. Therefore, all the above methods should be encouraged and used to gain relevant knowledge in relation to an individual’s goals and aspirations. A method used by a person depends on what their personal learning goals are, and on the answers to the key questions of what, when, where, how and why. 1.3  The benefits of self managed learning to individuals and organisations are many fold. The key benefits are : †¢ Ability to choose the content :Allows people to pick and choose what they are going to learn, and who they are going to learn from, depending on personal level of knowledge and preferences. †¢ Determining the schedule : Allows people to adapt learning process to their personal agenda, without depending on time schedules imposed by others. †¢ Learning with passion : Topic is chosen based on what the learner wants to learn, making the learner more engaged and the learning process more enjoyable. †¢ Sense of accomplishment and satisfaction : As the learner has chosen the topic, it provides greater degree of satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment within learners. †¢ More productive life : As it is a learner guided process, there is more passion and commitment within the learner about their learning, enhancing their chances of securing more expertise in the area. †¢ Develop expertise and skill : After gaining skill and expertise in the chosen field, a person is more likely to become an expert in the area, with others seeking their expertise and be willing to pay for it. 2.1 Since leaving school, I have worked within the catering sector all my working life, initially as a General Assistant in the kitchen, helping cook and chef. However, through my competence and performance, I was able to gradually rise to the position of Head Chef, with people working under my supervision. This allowed me to have experience of managing people effectively in a challenging fast moving environment. In addition, I was able to gain adequate knowledge and understanding about various health & safety guidelines through relevant training, including gaining relevant qualifications. I was able to comply with the professional standards for a Chef through the training I received. Also, working closely with the management, I was able to understand fully the key aims and objectives of the business and focused on ensuring that through my work, I help the business to fulfil them. It is important for a restaurant to provide good quality food and customer service – the two key aspect for such business. Unless the quality of the food and the level of customer service is to their satisfaction, customers will not come back, which is vital for a business. So, my role as a Head Chef is crucial to the success of the company. Since the restaurant is doing well, I feel confident that I have contributed towards the achievement of the company’s aims and objectives, complying with the professional standards required for my job. 2.2  Having worked in the kitchen all my working life, I would now like to have a change of career and move to management, where I would like to manage the whole business, either by setting up my own restaurant or be employed in a restaurant owned by others. In order to help me achieve my aim, I would need proper qualification, understanding and knowledge about how to manage a restaurant efficiently. Therefore, my development needs are as follows : †¢ How to devise an effective business plan †¢ How to prepare a comprehensive sales and marketing strategy †¢ How to be a competent business manager †¢ How to manage a business efficiently and profitably In order to acquire the knowledge required to achieve those aims, I need to enrol in a business course which will not only allow me to have the relevant knowledge but would also enable me to have thorough understanding of these areas, resulting in a qualification. In addition to the areas mentioned above, I also need to focus on some other areas, such as enhancing my literacy and numeracy skills as it would be necessary if I am to manage to restaurant. I also need to improve my social and communication skills too, which is vital for a business within the hospitality sector. 2.3 Since I don’t currently have any formal qualification other than GCSE, the only way for me to achieve my goal of enrolling in a course to acquire relevant knowledge and gain qualification would be to enrol in a course that does not have an entry requirement of any formal qualification and would accept someone with only GCSE. So, I started researching about various courses available that is relevant to me and is available for people who only have GCSE. I have identified that the Business Management HND is the best course for me as it offers all relevant aspects to help me achieve my developmental needs while allowing people with only GCSE to enrol. Therefore, I have enrolled in this course. However, I am seriously considering taking this further and go into further studies on business management, either through university or an informal course in continuing education, which may not result in a formal qualification but would provide me with the knowledge I need to achieve my goals. I feel that enrolling in the Business management HND is the first step towards achieving my aim of acquiring all relevant information and gain relevant qualifications regarding running a successful restaurant business. I also researched about courses to facilitate my aim of enhancing my literacy, numeracy, social and communication skills and have identified some of the courses that will be relevant to me and would assist me in achieving my goals.

Learning Style Preferences by Iranian students

IntroductionLearning manners influence acquisition and that larning result is higher for pupils who are able to utilize multiple acquisition manners ( Felder, 1995 ; Reid, 1987, Reid, 1998 ; Claxton and Murell, 1985 ; Mulalic, Mohd Shah and Ahmad, 2009 ) . Learning manners and penchants vary for each of us and in different state of affairss. Some scholars, for case, prefer to larn by reading text editions, while others prefer a verbal account ( Riazi and Riasati, 2007 ) . In add-on, people may differ in how they most efficaciously show their apprehension ; either orally or in authorship and through graphs or figures. In other words, scholars learn and show their apprehensions in assorted ways in different state of affairss. Learning manners refer to the cognitive, emotional, and psychological behavior which serve as comparatively fixed and unchangeable indexs of how scholars understand, interact with and answer to the acquisition environment ( Keefe, 1982 ) . Oxford ( 2003 ) asserted that acquisition manners are the general attacks that scholars utilize in geting a new linguistic communication or in larning any other topics. These manners are the overall forms that give larning behaviour a general way ( Cornett, 1983 ) . By understanding one ‘s learning manner ( s ) , one will be able to develop the accomplishments that help one learns in a assortment of ways to accomplish full potency. This apprehension is besides helpful for instructors and pedagogues because it enables instructors and pedagogues to fit their instruction manners, methodological analysiss, and class organisation with scholars ‘ acquisition manners to assist scholars better their acquisition ( Willing, 1988 ) . Surveies have shown that personality, life experiences, intent for larning and instructors ‘ outlooks affect scholars ‘ acquisition manners with the later being the most dominant influence ( Briggs-Myers, 1986 ; Kolb, 1984 ; Felder, 1996 ; Ballard and Clanchy 1997 ) . In Iran, nevertheless, scholars ‘ acquisition manners have been ignored and have been taken into history as an undistinguished constituent in the learning procedure among Persian EFL scholars in general and first-year university pupils in peculiar. Very small survey has been conducted to place Persian scholars ‘ acquisition manners that non merely would assist scholars ‘ acquisition but besides help better instructors ‘ instruction. Matching these two facets would take to greater success. Nevertheless, Riazi and Riasati ( 2007 ) conducted a survey on 219 Persian scholars of English in Shiraz to place their acquisition manners. The survey employed Brindley ‘s ( 1984 ) linguistic communication larning penchant questionnaire. The participants were from different degrees of direction and different ages. The findings show that the pupils favoured the communicative attack carried out in brace or group work and felt that it helped better their English linguisti c communication accomplishments. They besides preferred taking portion in schoolroom treatment and interaction in larning English. Although this survey found that scholars preferred a communicative attack, scholars at higher establishments in Iran ; peculiarly freshers, are still observed to be inactive scholars of English. Possibly they are incognizant of their acquisition manners and possibly the instruction manners at higher establishments do non fit scholars ‘ acquisition manners. Therefore, the survey presented in this paper was an effort to find Persian EFL fresher university pupils ‘ acquisition manner ( s ) to assist them understand how they learn and therefore increase their potencies. This survey besides aimed to detect whether there was a difference between male and female fresher university pupils ‘ acquisition manner ( s ) . However, this present survey employed the four types of larning manner penchants developed by Willing ( 1988 ) to look into Persian EFL fresher university pupils ‘ types of larning manner ( s ) .Learning Styles and Types of LearnersMost research surveies on larning manner penchants trace back to the past 30 old ages. Dunn ( 1993 ) asserted that lectors can non place pupil ‘s acquisition manners without using a multidimensional instrument. Without rating, even experienced teachers may misinterpret scholars ‘ behaviors such as hyperactivity or heedlessness ( Mulalic, Mohd Shah and Ahmad, 2009 ) . Reid ( 1987 ) investigated 1300 ESL pupils from three different civilizations ; viz. the Japanese, Malay, and Korean. The survey found that a big figure of these pupils strongly preferred tactile and kinesthetic acquisition manners. The survey besides found that the built-in differences in cultural or linguistic communication backgrounds and subjects ( technology and computing machine scientific discipline ) frequently play an of import function in placing types of cognitive manners. Meanwhile, Willing ( 1988 ) investigated a group of five 100s and 17 scholars from more than 30 cultural groups to analyze whether there is a relationship between larning manner penchants and biographical variables. However, merely five cultural groups were big plenty for statistical analysis ( Vietnamese, Chinese, Arabic, South Americans, and Polish/Czech talkers ) . The learning manner questionnaire included 30 acquisition manner points, 15 larning scheme points, and a several points on single biographical facets. The consequences indicated that there were cultural differences with respect to the scholars ‘ larning manner penchants. For case, although the agencies of the point ‘I like to analyze grammar ‘ was lower than expected, all scholars from the different civilizations responded that they liked analyzing grammar. The Arabic scholars preferred grammar where 65 % of them ranked this point as the â€Å" best † ( Willing 1988 ) . Meanwhile, the findings i ndicated that authority-oriented and analytical acquisition manners were extremely valued by the Vietnamese, Chinese, Arabic, South American, and Polish pupils. The largely preferable points were ‘practicing sounds and pronunciation in English ‘ and ‘everything explained by their instructor ‘ , and the least preferable ways of larning were ‘playing games ‘ and ‘watching movies ‘ ( Willing 1988, p. 130 ) . Willing ( 1988 ) further identified four types of scholars: concrete, analytical, communicative, and authority-oriented scholars. Nunan ( 1999 ) briefly summarized the definition of these four types of scholars: 1 ) Concrete scholars are those who employ really direct agencies of taking in and treating information ; 2 ) Analytic scholars are those whose cognitive strengths lead them non merely to analyse carefully and show great involvement in constructions but to set a great trade of value on uncovering their independency by executin g these things themselves, autonomously. In other words, they prefer to analyze grammar ( from particular to general ) , analyzing English books and reading newspapers, analyzing separately, happening their ain errors, and working on undertaking jobs assigned by their instructors ; 3 ) Authority-oriented scholars are those who are likely non predisposed to actively form information ; they would wish their instructor to explicate everything to them, tend to hold their ain text editions, to compose everything in a notebook, to analyze grammatical regulations, learn by reading, and larn new words by looking at them ; and 4 ) Communicative scholars are those who have a desire for a communicative and societal acquisition attack, likely because they feel that this would be most helpful to their demands in relation to linguistic communication acquisition. In other words, they like to larn by watching, listening to native talkers, speaking to friends in English and watching telecasting in E nglish, utilizing English out of category, larning new words by hearing them, and acquisition by conversations ( Willing, 1988 ; Nunan, 1999, p. 57 ) .The SurveyParticipantsA group of 92 ( 37 males and 55 females ) Persian EFL fresher university pupils majoring in Teaching English as a Foreign Language ( TEFL ) class at the Faculty of Foreign Languages in a university in South of Esfahan were indiscriminately selected from nine categories to take portion in this survey. As freshers, their mean age was 18 old ages old. They learn English linguistic communication for academic intents. Freshman university pupils were selected as participants of this survey because they were at the get downing degree of third instruction. Knowledge of their acquisition manner ( s ) would be utile in placing and geting larning accomplishments which would heighten their acquisition. Therefore, increase their public presentation in larning English.InstrumentThe instrument utilized in this survey was the Le arning Style Preferences Questionnaire adapted from Willing ( 1988 ) . The four-point Likert graduated table questionnaire consisted of 45 points on â€Å" How make you larn best † ; ranged from 1: Strongly Disagree to 4: Strongly Agree. It was piloted prior to the existent informations aggregation and the dependability Cronbach ‘s Alpha was 0.844. The questionnaire consisted of four classs ( Communicative, Concrete, Authority-Oriented, and Analytical scholars ) . A list of 20 four points out of 40 five points related to these four types were chosen and modified based on the Persian EFL fresher university pupils ‘ acquisition. Items one to six represented scholars who liked to larn through observation and or listening to native talkers, speaking to friends in English and watching telecasting in English, and learn through conversations ( Communicative Learners ) . Items seven to twelve represented scholars who liked to larn through games, movies, cassettes, speakin g in braces, and utilizing English outside of the schoolroom ( Concrete Learners ) . Items 13 to eighteen represented scholars who preferred their instructors to explicate everything to them, have their ain text editions, survey grammar, learn by reading, and larn new words by seeing the words ( Authority-Oriented Learners ) . Items 19 to twenty four represented scholars who liked analyzing the regulations of grammar, analyzing English books, reading newspapers, analyzing by themselves, happening their ain errors, and working on jobs set by the instructor ( Analytic Learners ) .Findingss and DiscussionsDescriptive analysis of the Learning Style Preferences ( 37 Males, 55 Females )In order to detect the types of larning manner penchants of the pupils, the descriptive statistics ( agencies and standard divergences ) of the four types of larning manner penchants ( communicative, concrete, authority-oriented, and analytical ) were computed ( see Table 1 ) . The one which indicated the h ighest average value was considered to be the pupils ‘ preferred acquisition manner. Table 1 shows the mean and standard divergences of the four distinguishable classs. Responses to the statements of type one ( communicative ) had the highest average value of 3.24 and a standard divergence of 0.35, while the responses to analytical type of larning manners had the lowest average mark of 3.02 and a standard divergence of 0.38 for both males and females. It is implied that the bulk of Persian EFL fresher university pupils in this sample considered themselves communicative types of acquisition manners. This is consistent with the consequences of Ho ‘s ( Undated ) survey on two groups of university twelvemonth one and four groups of twelvemonth two Computer Studies pupils across five academic old ages. The survey indicated that most pupils were communicative scholars ; contradictory to the consequences of Liu ‘s ( 2008 ) survey on pupils in Taipei. Liu reported that responses to the statements of authority-oriented type of larning manners were the highest with the average mark of 11.52 and a standard divergence of 3.13 and communicative type of larning manners had the lowest mean mark ( M=8.87 and a standard divergence of 3.55 ) . Table 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of Learning Styles ( by Category ) Learning Manners Mean South dakota Nitrogen Communicative 3.24 0.358 92 Concrete 3.07 0.381 92 Authority-Oriented 3.10 0.353 92 Analytic 3.02 0.381 92 N= Number of respondents ; SD= Std. Deviation In add-on to the mean scores for the four types of larning manners in general, Table 2, 3, 4, and 5 show the mean and standard divergences of the pupils ‘ usage of larning manners by class and points: communicative, concrete, authority-oriented, and analytical acquisition manners. Table 2 Mean and Standard Deviations of the Students ‘ Communicative Learning Style ItemsLearning MannersMeanSouth dakota1Communicative Learning StyleI like to larn by watching, listening to native talkers of English.3.243.320.350.755 2 I like to larn by speaking to friends in English. 3.24 0.732 3 If I have pick, I would wish to larn English by watching Television in English outside of the schoolroom. 3.17 0.735 4 I like to larn by talking in English with aliens when there is a opportunity. 3.27 0.757 5 I like to larn English words by hearing the words. 3.25 0.673 6 In English category, I like to larn through the usage of conversations. 3.22 0.739 Table 2 demonstrates that the overall average value of communicative acquisition manner was 3.24 with a standard divergence of 0.35. The highest average value of 3.32 with a standard divergence 0.75 was noted for the point â€Å" I like to larn by watching, listening to native talkers of English. † Meanwhile, the point â€Å" If I have pick, I would wish to larn English by watching Television in English outside of the schoolroom. † scored the lowest mean mean with the value of 3.17 and a standard divergence of 0.73. It is inferred that the Persian EFL fresher university pupils have strong desire to larn by watching and listening to native talkers of English in schoolrooms. In other words, they tend to watch pictures and listen to tapes in schoolrooms. They like to pass on with one another. This is in understanding with the consequences of Riazi and Riasati ‘s ( 2007 ) survey. Table 3 Mean and Standard Deviations of the Students ‘ Concrete Learning Style ItemsLearning MannersMeanSouth dakota7Concrete Learning StyleIn English category, I like to larn through game.3.073.270.370.757 8 In English category, I like to larn by utilizing images, movies, and pictures. 3.29 0.749 9 I like to analyze English by speaking with another schoolmate 3.23 0.743 10 I like to larn by utilizing cassettes at place. 2.65 0.733 11 In English category, I like to listen to and utilize cassettes. 2.80 0.829 12 Outside of the schoolroom, I like to utilize English. 3.17 0.735 With respect to concrete acquisition manners, Table 3 demonstrates the overall average value of 3.07 and a standard divergence of 0.37. The consequences related to concrete larning manner dimension indicate that the point â€Å" In English category, I like to larn by utilizing images, movies, and pictures. † scored the highest mean mean with the average value of 3.29 and a standard divergence of 0.74 ; while the lowest average value of 2.65 with standard divergence of 0.73 was noted for the point â€Å" I like to larn by utilizing cassettes at place † . It is concluded that these scholars like to larn by illustrations in schoolrooms. The common feature of concrete scholars harmonizing to willing ( 1988 ) is the development of insufficiency or an lower status composite. They disfavour larning monotonously and written work. They like assortment. They prefer verbal and ocular experiences. They have strong desire to be entertained by utilizing games, and be given to be invo lved in larning physically. Table 4 Mean and Standard Deviations of the Students ‘ Authority-Oriented Learning Style ItemsLearning MannersMeanSouth dakota13Authority-Oriented Learning StyleI like the instructor to explicate everything to me.3.103.320.350.755 14 I want to compose everything in my notebook. 2.91 0.751 15 I like to hold my ain text edition. 3.27 0.757 16 In English category, I like to larn by reading. 3.17 0.720 17 I like to analyze grammar from specific to general. 3.23 0.728 18 I like to larn English words by seeing them. 2.70 0.795 Sing the 3rd type of larning manners ( authority-oriented ) , Table 4 indicates that the overall mean value was 3.10 and a standard divergence of 0.35. Therefore, the point â€Å" I like the instructor to explicate everything to me † scored the highest average value of 3.32 and a standard divergence of 0.75. While the lowest average value of 2.70 and a standard divergence of 0.79 were noted for the point â€Å" I like to larn English words by seeing them † . It is inferred that authority-oriented scholars tend to be taught clearly. They have desire to larn from their instructors. They look for constructions and measure by measure patterned advance. In general, they consider their instructors as authorization in the category. Harmonizing to Willing ( 1988 ) they like to follow some forms. Table 5 Mean and Standard Deviations of the Students ‘ Analytical Learning Style ItemsLearning MannersMeanSouth dakota19Analytic Learning StyleI like to analyze grammar from general to specific.3.022.680.380.838 20 At place, I like to larn by analyzing English books. 3.24 0.732 21 I like to analyze English by myself. 3.32 0.755 22 I like the instructor to allow me happen my errors. 3.25 0.750 23 I like the instructor to give me exercises to work on. 3.15 0.725 24 At place, I like to larn by reading English newspaper. 2.49 0.791 Finally, for analytical acquisition manners Table 5 reveals that the overall mean value was 3.02 with a standard divergence of 0.38. Based on the consequences, the point â€Å" I like to analyze English by myself † scored as highest average value of 3.32 and a standard divergence of 0.75 whereas the lowest average value of 2.49 with a standard divergence of 0.79 was noted for the point â€Å" At place, I like to larn by reading English newspaper † . This means that analytical types of scholars are independent and tend to happen solutions for their jobs while larning. Analytic scholars ‘ cognitive strengths steer them non merely to analyse carefully and uncover great involvement in constructions, but besides to set a big sum of value on demoing their independency by making these things themselves, autonomously ( Willing, 1988 ) . In general, it can be inferred from the findings aforementioned types of acquisition manners that the mass media such as telecasting, pic ture, tape recording equipments are the most powerful devices for larning foreign linguistic communications in Iran since English is learned and spoken merely in academic categories and for academic intents. Harmonizing to Celec-Murcia ( 2001 ) , such media motivate scholars by conveying the existent life state of affairs into the schoolroom and showing linguistic communication in its more complete communicative context.Descriptive Analysis of the Learning Style Preferences by GenderIn order to detect whether there was a difference between males and females in using learning manner penchants, the Independent-sample T-test was conducted. Table 6 demonstrates that there was no statistically important difference in the mean tonss for male and female pupils in communicative ( M= 3.27, SD= 0.35 ; M=3.22, SD=0.36, T ( 90 ) =0.66, p= 0.51 ) ; concrete ( M=3.10, SD=0.36 ; M=3.05, SD=0.39, T ( 90 ) =0.67, p=0.49 ) , authority-oriented ( M=3.09, SD=0.37 ; M=3.11, SD=0.34, T ( 90 ) = -0.21, p= 0.83 ) , and analytical acquisition manners ( M=3.09, SD=0.38, M=2.98, SD=0.37, T ( 90 ) =1.32, p=0.18 ) . In other words, males and females apply larning manners in a similar manner. This is in understanding with the consequences of Yik, Hidayu, Bariyyah and Asyimah ‘s ( Undated ) survey ( hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.emoe.gov.my/ipba/rdipba/cd1/article152.pdf accessed 26 March 2010 ) . Table 6 T-test for gender differences in larning manner PreferencesLiterGramNitrogenMeanSouth dakotaTPCom Meter F 37 55 3.27 3.22 0.35 0.36 0.66 0.51 Con Meter F 37 55 3.10 3.05 0.36 0.39 0.67 0.49 A-O Meter F 37 55 3.09 3.11 0.37 0.34 -0.21 0.83 Anal Meter F 37 55 3.09 2.98 0.38 0.37 1.32 0.18 Note: N=Number of Subjects ; LS=Learning Styles ; G=Gender ; M=Male ; F=Female ; Com=Communicative ; Con=Concrete ; A-O=Authority-Oriented ; Anal=Analytical In other words, all of the values of significance values were above the value of significance value of P & lt ; 0.05. Harmonizing to Cohen ( 1988 ) , the magnitudes of the differences in the agencies were somewhat little. Cohen believes that 0.01 indicates little consequence, 0.06 shows moderate consequence, and 0.14 shows big consequence. Therefore the Basque Homeland and Freedom square for these four types of acquisition manners are as follows: communicative ( eta square= 0.004 ) , concrete ( eta square= 0.005 ) , authority-oriented ( eta squared=0.000 ) , and analytical acquisition manner ( eta square= 0.018 ) which are really little.DeductionsSing the consequences of this survey, some deductions are discussed with the position of text book designs, larning and learning English as a foreign linguistic communication in Iran. As it has been identified that many of the fresher university pupils are communicative type of scholars, there should be a moderately safe index for the genera l way to see in planing text books for Persian EFL fresher university scholars. Many research surveies such as Smith ( 1985 ) , Claxon and Murrell ( 1987 ) , Willing ( 1988 ) , and Riazi and Riasati ( 2007 ) claim that larning methods that match with learning manner penchants lead to academic accomplishments, more communicative undertakings need to be included in the class as most scholars in this sample prefer to larn in a communicative manner. Willing ( 1988 ) suggested the acquisition methods preferred by communicative scholars as: 1 ) Learning by watching and listening to native talkers of the mark linguistic communication. 2 ) Learning by talking in English with aliens when there is a opportunity. 3 ) Learning by speaking to friends in English. 4 ) Learning by conversations. 5 ) Learning by watching Television in English. 6 ) Learning English by hearing the words. Therefore, the text edition interior decorators may necessitate to take into history the aforesaid methods recommen ded by Willing ( 1988 ) while planing communicative text books for categories. They can besides see group treatments and teacher-students meetings as pupils prefer to speak with equals and instructors ( Riazi and Riasati, 2007 ) . In the visible radiation of acquisition, effectual tools to assist pupils listen to native talkers of the mark linguistic communication is to utilize movies and picture plans in categories. In this instance, pupils get familiar with the other contexts, state of affairss, and civilizations. Auxiliary stuffs such as short narratives should be utilized in categories ( Riazi and Mansoorian, 2008 ) . By and large, pupils need to be involved in synergistic accomplishments. In order to lend pupils to be cognizant of their ain acquisition manners and strengths, stock lists of larning manner and other procedures can be utilized ( Claxton and Murrell, 1987, p six ) . In add-on, lectors should assist scholars understand more about their ain penchants for larning. There are some promising schemes employed by lectors to lend their scholars to understand more about their penchants for larning and suggest ways to cover with more efficaciously in classs taught in ways inconsistent with their manners . This can besides assist scholars take increasing charge of their ain acquisition and to be more active in the procedure ( Claxton and Murrell 1987, p. four ) . In footings of instruction, by roll uping some information on scholars ‘ acquisition manners can assist lectors place scholars who learn comfortably via the types of undertakings designed for the class. For case, this survey recommends that lectors should make their best to carry first-year university scholars to work in groups and learn them how to pass on ( converse ) with one another in English. Lecturers should present types of larning manners to pupils in order to acquire familiar with their manner of larning a foreign linguistic communication in general and larning English in peculiar. In general, pupils should be encouraged to happen out their ain types of larning manner penchants in order to ease their acquisition.DecisionsThe intent of the current survey was to place Persian EFL fresher university pupils ‘ types of larning manner penchants and their deductions on the instruction and larning procedure every bit good as the designs of the text books. This survey be sides aimed to detect whether or non there was a important difference between male and female fresher university pupils using larning manner penchants. The dominant learning manner penchants of Persian EFL fresher university pupils revealed that the bulk of the Persian EFL fresher university pupils considered themselves as communicative scholars. They tend to larn English as a foreign linguistic communication by listening to native talkers of English likely because they feel that this would be most utile for their demands in relation to English linguistic communication acquisition. This can assist them in bettering their pronunciation and speech pattern. The receptive accomplishments such as speech production and hearing are appealing to the scholars of this sample. They have desire to utilize conversations in the schoolrooms and communicate in English. It is besides concluded that Persian male and female pupils have no different preferred acquisition manners as the findings of this survey demonstrated that there was no statistically important difference between them with respect to their learning manner penchants while larning English as a foreign linguistic communication. More significantly, this research survey suggests placing the scholars ‘ types of larning manners to lend their lectors to set in the proportion of undertaking types in text books to do acquisition easier for pupils.